Pink Shares Gym Selfie, Says She's 'Obese' by 'Regular Standards': 'Stay Off That Scale, Ladies!'. Want a home that looks beautiful and helps the environment? Get the latest in green and eco friendly living from the editors at Good Housekeeping! Pawel August 17, 2011 at 5:12 am. Energy development is a field of endeavor focused on making available sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms to meet the needs of society. United States - Wikipedia. For the landmass encompassing North and South America, see Americas. For other uses, see America (disambiguation), US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation). Coordinates: 4. 0. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid- Pacific Ocean. Nine time zones are covered. The geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, and is home to the world's largest immigrant population. The United States emerged from 1. British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years' War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1. Related articles: Slow electricity: the comeback of DC power? Reinventing the greenhouse; Off-grid: how sustainable is stored sunlight? How sustainable is Solar PV power. Learn about the basics of personal finance, money management, savings & more through guide, tips & personal experience of Get Rich slowly community. The MS Diet - The body reacts negatively towards certain food particles. This is a list of foods to avoid (as well as alternatives) and foods to enjoy! The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal. ![]() On July 4, 1. 77. American Revolutionary War, the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence. ![]() ![]() ![]() The war ended in 1. United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 1. The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1. United States as the world's sole superpower. Have you heard about the Paleo diet and were curious about how to get started?It ranks highly in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage. The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technologicalinnovations. Joseph Reed, Moylan expressed his wish to carry the . Other common forms are the . Colloquial names are the . In addition, an abbreviation (e. USA) is sometimes used. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom . In English, the word . Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline among Native Americans, though conflict among themselves and with Europeans affected specific tribes and various colonial settlements. Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1. In the early days of colonization, many European settlers were subject to food shortages, disease, and attacks from Native Americans. Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars. At the same time, however, many natives and settlers came to depend on each other. Settlers traded for food and animal pelts, natives for guns, ammunition and other European wares. European missionaries and others felt it was important to . The Spanish set up small settlements in New Mexico and Florida. France had several small settlements along the Mississippi River. Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1. Jamestown and the Pilgrims'Plymouth Colony in 1. Early experiments in communal living failed until the introduction of private farm holdings. The continent's first elected legislative assembly, Virginia's House of Burgesses created in 1. Mayflower Compact, signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking, established precedents for the pattern of representative self- government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies. Cash crops included tobacco, rice and wheat. Extraction industries grew up in furs, fishing and lumber. Manufacturers produced rum and ships, and by the late colonial period Americans were producing one- seventh of the world's iron supply. English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch- Irish and other groups. As coastal land grew more expensive freed indentured servants pushed further west. Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed. Excluding the Native Americans, who were being conquered and displaced, the 1. British colonies had a population of over 2. Britain. Despite continuing new arrivals, the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1. Americans had been born overseas. Americans had developed an ideology of . They demanded their rights as Englishmen and . The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament, and the conflict escalated into war. The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day. In 1. 77. 7, the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1. Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1. United States Constitution, ratified in state conventions in 1. The federal government was reorganized into three branches, on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances, in 1. George Washington, who had led the revolutionary army to victory, was the first president elected under the new constitution. The Bill of Rights, forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was adopted in 1. In the North, it energized multiple social reform movements, including abolitionism. The Trail of Tears in the 1. Indian removal policy that resettled Indians into the west on Indian reservations. But with additional western territory and more free- soil states, tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories, whether and how to expand or restrict slavery. The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 6. Constitution: the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment provided citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves. The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power. Blacks faced racial segregation, especially in the South. The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the Spanish. Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie led the nation's progress in railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J. Morgan playing a notable role. Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry, homes, and for street lighting. Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry. The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest, and the United States achieved great power status. In 1. 91. 9, President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U. S. However, the Senate refused to approve this, and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations. After his election as president in 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal, which included the establishment of the Social Security system. On December 7, 1. Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers. Though the nation lost more than 4. As an Allied victory was won in Europe, a 1. San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter, which became active after the war. They dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U. S. American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1. Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation's infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1. After his election in 1. President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free- market oriented reforms. Following the collapse of d. The concept of Pax Americana, which had appeared in the post- World War II period, gained wide popularity as a term for the post- Cold War new world order. Contemporary history. After the Cold War, the conflict in the Middle East triggered a crisis in 1. Iraq under Sadaam Husseininvaded and attempted to annex Kuwait, an ally of the United States. Fearing that the instability would spread to other regions, President George H. W. Bush launched Operation Desert Shield, a defensive force buildup in Saudi Arabia, and Operation Desert Storm, in a staging titled the Gulf War; waged by coalition forces from 3. United States against Iraq ending in the successful expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait, restoring the former monarchy. The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U. S., Canada, and Mexico by January 1, 2. Trade among the three partners has soared since NAFTA went into force. While the stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements. The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance, with 2. The Republicans, who stood in opposition to Obama's policies, won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in 2. Senate in 2. 01. 4. Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state at 6. Hawaii, occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific, southwest of North America, is 1. The populated territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and U. S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,1. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured: calculations range from 3,6. The flat, fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast. The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California. Energy development - Wikipedia. Energy development. World total primary energy productionj. Note the different y- axis for total (left) and regional curves (right)US Energy Use/Flow in 2. Energy flow charts show the relative size of primary energy resources and end uses in the United States, with fuels compared on a common energy unit basis (2. Also, large industrial populations have various generation and delivery services for energy distribution and end- user utilization. Level of use of external energy sources differs across societies, along with the convenience, levels of traffic congestion, pollution sources. The conventional industry comprises the petroleum industry. New energy industries include the renewable energy industry, comprising alternative and sustainable manufacture, distribution, and sale of alternative fuels. While there is the development of new hydrocarbon sources. An energy source is usually in the form of a closed system, the element that provides the energy by conversion from another energy form; however, the energy can be quantitative, the balance sheet is capable of containing open system energy transfers. According to their nature, the power plants can be classified into: Classified according to the energy reserves of the energy source used and the regeneration capacity with: renewable: When the energy source used is freely regenerated in a short period and there are practically limitless reserves; An example is the solar energy that is the source of energy from the sun, or the wind. Renewable energies are. They are coming from energy limited sources on Earth in quantity and, therefore, are exhaustible. The non- renewable energy sources include, non- exclusively. So, for example, shale gas is secondary non- renewable. Wind is a primary renewable. The principle stated by Antoine Lavoisier on the conservation of matter applies to energy development. But the kinetic energy of the rider is itself biochemical energy (the ATP muscle cells) derived from the chemical energy of sugars synthesized by plants who use light energy from the sun, which runs from the nuclear energy produced by fusion of atoms of hydrogen. This material itself constitutes a form of energy, called . There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Another fossil fuel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), is principally derived from the production of natural gas. Heat from burning fossil fuel is used either directly for space heating and process heating, or converted to mechanical energy for vehicles, industrial processes, or electrical power generation. Fossil energy is from recovered fossils (like brown coal, hard coal, peat, natural gas and crude oil) and are originated in degradated products of dead plants and animals. These fossil fuels are based on the carbon cycle and thus allow stored (historic solar) energy to be recycled today. In 2. 00. 5, 8. 1% of the world's energy needs was met from fossil sources. The technical development of fossil fuels in the 1. Century set the stage for the Industrial Revolution. Fossil fuels make up the bulk of the world's current primary energy sources. The technology and infrastructure already exist for the use of fossil fuels. Petroleumenergy density in terms of volume (cubic space) and mass (weight) ranks currently above that of alternative energy sources (or energy storage devices, like a battery). Fossil fuels are currently economical, and suitable for decentralised energy use. Dependence on fossil fuels from regions or countries creates energy security risks for dependent countries. Fossil fuels are actually slowly forming continuously, but are being consumed quicker than are formed. Extraction in fuel mines get intensive and oil rigs drill deeper (going further out to sea). The fuel economy is the energy efficiency of a particular vehicle, is given as a ratio of distance travelled per unit of fuel consumed. Weight- specific efficiency (efficiency per unit weight) may be stated for freight, and passenger- specific efficiency (vehicle efficiency per passenger). The inefficient atmospheric combustion (burning) of fossil fuels in vehicles, buildings, and power plants contributes to urban heat islands. The fossil fuels are mainly based on organic carbon compounds. They are according to the IPCC the causes of the global warming. Depending on the composition and purity of the fossil fuel also results in other chemical compounds such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot and other fine particulates alternativey. Greenhouse gas emissions result from fossil fuel- based electricity generation. A typical coal plant generates billions of kilowatt hours per year. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion. Presently the nuclear fission of elements in the actinide series of the periodic table produce the vast majority of nuclear energy in the direct service of humankind, with nuclear decay processes, primarily in the form of geothermal energy, and radioisotope thermoelectric generators, in niche uses making up the rest. Nuclear (fission) power stations, excluding the contribution from naval nuclear fission reactors, provided about 5. More than 6. 0 years after the first attempts, commercial fusion power production remains unlikely before 2. There have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydropower has caused a greater number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution and energy accident effects. The human costs of evacuations of affected populations and lost livelihoods is also significant. Nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs for building the plant, but low direct fuel costs. In recent years there has been a slowdown of electricity demand growth and financing has become more difficult, which affects large projects such as nuclear reactors, with very large upfront costs and long project cycles which carry a large variety of risks. To date all operating nuclear power plants were developed by state- owned or regulatedutility monopolies. Many countries have now liberalized the electricity market where these risks, and the risk of cheaper competitors emerging before capital costs are recovered, are borne by plant suppliers and operators rather than consumers, which leads to a significantly different evaluation of the economics of new nuclear power plants. The first reactor, Barakah- 1 is 8. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) account for another 3% and are growing rapidly. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. In 2. 01. 5 hydropower generated 1. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 7. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 1. GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 1. U. S. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which creates electricity. Wind towers are usually built together on wind farms. There are offshore and onshore wind farms. Global wind power capacity has expanded rapidly to 3. GW in June 2. 01. Most of the world's largest offshore wind farms are located in Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. The two largest offshore wind farm are currently the 6. MWLondon Array and Gwynt y M. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. In 2. 01. 1, the International Energy Agency said that . It will increase countries. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of a number of solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide. Due to the increased demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years. Solar photovoltaics is a sustainable energy source. More than 1. 00 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground- mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building (either building- integrated photovoltaics or simply rooftop). Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily since the first solar cells were manufactured. Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential feed- in tariffs for solar- generated electricity, have supported solar PV installations in many countries. For conventional crystalline silicon photovoltaics, the EPBT is higher than for thin- film technologies such as Cd. Te- PV or CPV- systems. Moreover, the payback time decreased in the recent years due to a number of improvements such as solar cell efficiency and more economic manufacturing processes. As of 2. 01. 4, photovoltaics recoup on average the energy needed to manufacture them in 0. This results in about 9. PV system over a 3. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae.
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